fluorescent lights again

Just to let know that I have made several tests with fluorescent light wrapped up in a cloth so that it doesn't emit any light, while being in use. The discomfort is great and almost immediate after switching it on. That definitely puts off the hypothesis about ("flickering') light as a mean of interference. To make things more interesting, I still was not able to measure any excessive radiation which would differ from, say, halogen lights, and explain the "popularity" of fluorescent lights affliction. It's a puzzle to be worked on!

Drasko


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

> That definitely puts off the hypothesis about ("flickering') light as a
> mean of interference. T

I thought the problem with florescent lights were that they operated
at a high frequency (especially now with the newer "flicker-free"
ballasts which operate at a much higher frequency than the older
ballasts), combined with them having a high voltage... I never
thought it was light-related -- I think I even have bad reactions
to florescent lights on the floor beneath me, room next door, etc.

Marc

Hi,

have not tried fluorescent lights yet since i am "better" and suspect they might still affect me. fluoresent lights seemed to be the worse thing for me. also i experienced discomfort in a store back in Holland when i a teenager, maybe even younger. my mom thought it was something like agoraphobia that made me disoriented and run out the store but i remember telling her no -it is the lights..

have a feeling i would have crashed way before this in 1995 if i had not moved to Costa Rica and spent many years without any electronics and in nature.

Another thing is the fluorescent lights in our store (that were said to be disconnected and had not worked for years) would flicker the maybe 6 months beore my major crash. the transformer of the electric company used to blow out every couple of days as well in the end.. this is neither here nor there i know, must be the hangover or that safespace behind my ear (guess i will use the tachyon disk behind my ear again for now, unfortunately lost my earplugs)

Love and Light



Drasko Cvijovic <[hidden email]> wrote:

Just to let know that I have made several tests with fluorescent light wrapped up in a cloth so that it doesn't emit any light, while being in use. The discomfort is great and almost immediate after switching it on. That definitely puts off the hypothesis about ("flickering') light as a mean of interference. To make things more interesting, I still was not able to measure any excessive radiation which would differ from, say, halogen lights, and explain the "popularity" of fluorescent lights affliction. It's a puzzle to be worked on!

Drasko


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]



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[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

High frequency fluorescents operate at a frequency of 20 kHz. A VLF
gaussmeter might pick it up.

John Lankes
>
> Just to let know that I have made several tests with fluorescent
light wrapped up in a cloth so that it doesn't emit any light, while
being in use. The discomfort is great and almost immediate after
switching it on. That definitely puts off the hypothesis about
("flickering') light as a mean of interference. To make things more
interesting, I still was not able to measure any excessive radiation
which would differ from, say, halogen lights, and explain
the "popularity" of fluorescent lights affliction. It's a puzzle to
be
worked on!
>
> Drasko
>
>
> [Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Hi all,

At my workplace, they are upgrading the badges we wear
for identification. In the old days, these just had
our name and photo, but every few years they upgrade
them with newer technologies.

When they added the magnetic stripe several years ago,
I don't remember that bothering me. When they added
the proximity antenna, I don't remember that bothering
me. But now, I've just received a new badge with a
"smart chip", which has an imbedded microprocessor
and memory chip. From the FAQ, it says that this will
be like having a small computer carried on your badge.

Well, unfortunately, this *does* bother me -- my chest
is getting that painful feeling that I sometimes get
with some EMF protection devices.

So, here we go again -- a new challenge as technology
marches forwards. Right now I've just put my badge on
my Slimline Springlife Polarizer, to see if I can
"polarize" it. This worked great on my digital camera,
so let's see if works on a badge. For the camera,
I just put it on the polarizer for several hours,
and the camera never bothered me again.

The badge has no apparant power source that I can tell...
I wonder how these work?

Marc

hello Marc,

RFID ?

Look at: http://www.spychips.com/index.html

Greetings,
Charles Claessens
member Verband Baubiologie
www.milieuziektes.nl
www.milieuziektes.be
www.hetbitje.nl
checked by Norton Antivirus


----- Original Message -----
From: "Marc Martin" <[hidden email]>
To: <[hidden email]>
Sent: Monday, August 08, 2005 21:35
Subject: [eSens] "Smart Badge"

> RFID ?

No, it's a GemPlus Smart card. With a JavaOS and
32k memory. As far as I can tell, there is no battery
power in the badge -- it requires a card reader
to supply power to the chip. So my reaction may simply
be due to increase in the amount of metals on the badge --
metal combined with electromagnetic fields has always
been problematic for me, and I also cannot wear
metal-framed eyeglasses while using the computer.

Anyway, hopefully one of my devices will fix this...

Marc

Hi Marc

I think your experiences with this badge you mention are quite scary, in
that it really is where the future is going. Have you thought of not
only trying to survive this thing -but also complaining loudly to your
boss, colleagues etc? I honestly think that the only way we're actually
going to bring about awareness and change re the overwhelming influence
of electricity in society is to continue to speak about it, even it
makes us look like like fools. Eventually we'll turn the corner.

Sarah

-----Original Message-----
From: [hidden email] [mailto:[hidden email]] On Behalf Of
Marc Martin
Sent: Tuesday, 9 August 2005 5:35 AM
To: [hidden email]
Subject: [eSens] "Smart Badge"


Hi all,

At my workplace, they are upgrading the badges we wear
for identification. In the old days, these just had
our name and photo, but every few years they upgrade
them with newer technologies.

When they added the magnetic stripe several years ago,
I don't remember that bothering me. When they added
the proximity antenna, I don't remember that bothering
me. But now, I've just received a new badge with a
"smart chip", which has an imbedded microprocessor
and memory chip. From the FAQ, it says that this will
be like having a small computer carried on your badge.

Well, unfortunately, this *does* bother me -- my chest
is getting that painful feeling that I sometimes get
with some EMF protection devices.

So, here we go again -- a new challenge as technology
marches forwards. Right now I've just put my badge on
my Slimline Springlife Polarizer, to see if I can
"polarize" it. This worked great on my digital camera,
so let's see if works on a badge. For the camera,
I just put it on the polarizer for several hours,
and the camera never bothered me again.  

The badge has no apparant power source that I can tell...
I wonder how these work?

Marc



 
Yahoo! Groups Links



 

> I think your experiences with this badge you mention are quite scary, in
> that it really is where the future is going.

That's the whole problem with ES -- just when you've found a nice
solution for your current situation, technology progresses and then
you've got to find better solutions...

> Have you thought of not
> only trying to survive this thing -but also complaining loudly to your
> boss, colleagues etc?

Well, I've got to see how bad this really is going to be... if these
symptoms only last for a few days, I'm not going to bother. If this
is a permanent situation, it might get interesting...

One aspect of this new badge that might be causing the problem is
that the metal contacts used for the card reader are made of copper.
I've seen time and time again in the past that copper has been a
problem for me... and I suppose copper has a way of attracting
electromagnetic fields...

Marc

Florescent lights register on a EMF DENSITY Meter
at 150 upto 300 Uniwatts per square centimetre. (UwCM2)
that is 150.0 to 300.0

When you compare that reading to a Cell Tower
from 0.09 up to 100.0 or higher

Florecent lights are simply deadly for EMS
throw all of them out as soon as you can -
Please spread the word about these lights

There are these other kind you can get
that are easier on people like us,
i tested them in a health store,
i could feel the difference.
and in any other store with florecents,
i can tell when they are this ems friendly kind.

These OTT lights are also apereantly ok too
but dont rush out to get one just yet till more ems reviews are in

Note that the compact "bulb looking" florecents are the worst
the look like two upside down letter U
these are so powerful - avoid at all costs!

I should note that twent years ago i used florecent
table lamps alot and i regret it to the day now that i know
the emf emission from that light.

> These OTT lights are also apereantly ok too
> but dont rush out to get one just yet till more ems reviews are in

I tried an OTT compact florescent bulb several years ago.
It seemed to be just as bad as the others.

These days I just full-spectrum incandescents at home.
These are quite pleasant...

Marc

What are "uniwatts"!??

What is EMF density meter? (At least please name the brand, type, etc.)

What is the distance from fluorescent lights you have been measuring at?!



----- Original Message -----
From: "factsnow" <[hidden email]>
To: <[hidden email]>
Sent: Thursday, August 11, 2005 2:15 AM
Subject: [eSens] Re: fluorescent lights again

"full-spectrum incandescents"

yes that is the kind they have at the local health store
and they not only sell them, they use them and i can
actually stay in that store for an hour, where the
store beside it that uses regular florecents i can not stay long

TriField makes the metre i am refering to,
its called a RF Density Metre, see at
http://www.trifield.com/rf_meter.htm

Uniwatts per square centemetre is on of the m

Sitting or standing under any type of florecent light
i can feel it is there above my head. I can not stand there long.
This is also common with my friend who owns this metre
and we both decided to measure the florecent bulb that when
turned on above us gave us both headackes

the common single screw in florecent buld - at TWO Feet away is
off the charts with the Trifield RF Density Metre - this is shocking.

After you see this test, even from several more feet away you will
want to toss all you flor bulbs out

I will never look at Grocery stores or any Public building with
large amounts of florescents the same way again.
Even at a bank machine, that have florecents in the top
i get a headacke if i am too close to it.

--- Drasko wrote:
> What is EMF density meter?
(At least please name the brand, type, etc.)

> What is the distance from fluorescent lights you have been
measuring at?!

> I will never look at Grocery stores or any Public building with
> large amounts of florescents the same way again.
> Even at a bank machine, that have florecents in the top
> i get a headacke if i am too close to it.

This is certainly cureable -- I used to have the same problem
in any building I went into, and had to limit my visits in
grocery stores to as few minutes as possible. That was
4-5 years ago. Now, I don't even think about the
lights in the grocery stores and other buildings. They
don't bother me anymore. Of course, I do have a Springlife
Polarizer pendant in my pants pocket, and I do take
supplements and eat healthy foods, and have been doing
things to detox. But my attitude towards being in public
buildings has pretty much returned to "normal" -- that
is, I no longer even think about having to limit
my time in them.

Marc

Hello,

uniwatts is a unity which does not exist.

The unity used on this particular meter is uW/cm2, which means microWatt per
square centimeter..

We prefer the unity of uW/m2, or microWatt per square meter.

1 uW/cm2 = 10000 uW/m2

The lowest value, which can be measured is 0.01 uW/cm2 = 10 uW/m2.

We look at values between 0.1 and 1 uW/m2.


I doubt if this meter can measure the radiation from fluorescent lights,
because they radiate commonly between 5 kHz and 150 kHz.

Greetings,
Charles Claessens
member Verband Baubiologie
www.milieuziektes.nl
www.milieuziektes.be
www.hetbitje.nl
checked by Norton Antivirus


----- Original Message -----
From: "factsnow" <[hidden email]>
To: <[hidden email]>
Sent: Saturday, August 13, 2005 05:51
Subject: [eSens] Re: fluorescent lights again

Cellular Phone Electromagnetic Field Effects on Bioelectric Activity of Human Brain

N. N. Lebedeva, A. V. Sulimov, O. P. Sulimova, T. I. Kotrovskaya, and T. Gailus

Professor at the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiogy, Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow); 2Ph.D., senior researcher at the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiogy, Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow); 3Ph.D., researcher at the Institute of Higher Nervous Activityand Neurophysiogy, Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow); 4Ph.D., researcher at the "Extremely High Frequency" Medical and Technical .Association (Moscow); 5Ph.D., senior researcher at Deutsche Telekom AG, Germany.


 

ABSTRACT:24 volunteers participated in the experiments. The investigation of EEG reactions to cellular phone (EMF frequency 902.4 MHz and intensity 0.06 mW/cm2) was conducted. Two experiments were performed with each subject ¾ cellular phone exposure and Placebo. Duration of the experiment was 60 min: 15 min ¾ background; 15 min ¾ EMF exposure or Placebo; 30 min ¾ afterexposure. EEG was recorded in 16 standard leads with "eyes open" and "eyes closed". Special software with non-linear dynamics was developed for EEG analyses. One parameter, multichannel (global) correlation dimension, was calculated. The changes of these parameters can be evidence of brain functional state changes. As a result of EEG record processing, a significant increase of global correlation dimension during the exposure and afterexposure period was discovered, more pronounced in the case of "eyes closed". That can be viewed as the manifestation of cortex activation under phone EMF exposure.


 

LITERATURE REVIEW

Technical progress has given birth to a variety of antropogenic factors, among which industrial electromagnetic fields (EMF) have a significant place.These EMFs contribute significantly to environment pollution and have a pronounced effect on living beings [1-3]. Recent research testifies that biological effects of EMFs are determined by their biotropic parameters: intensity, frequency, shape of signal, place of application, exposition and others [2, 4-11] as well as properties of the living being - initial functional state, age, sex and physic characteristics (dielectric permeability, electric conductivity and so on) [12-17].

A number of studies are devoted to the investigation of the responses of different systems to EMF acting on a whole organism [18-22]. Some authors report finding a relation among a number of diseases [23-28] and neurological syndromes (fatigue, acute and chronic headache, depression) [29-31] and levels of industrial EMF pollution. However, other researchers communicate a lack of pathology or only small deviations [2, 32, 33].

Direct measures of the degree of EMF penetration into different human organs and tissues in terms of specific absorption rate (SAR) were conducted. SAR was measured in the bodies, mainly in the central nervous system, of the users of wireless communication systems under exposure, essentially 900 MHz[4-37].

It was demonstrated that the central nervous system is most sensitive to EMF effects [2, 38-41]. Significant changes of biochemical activity of neurons were observed during direct and intermediate EMF application to neurons and glia, and only neurons with a high level of activity were sensitive to weak EMF [42-46]. Microelectrode investigation allows the recording responses of neurons of different brain areas to EMF [11, 47-49]. The sensitivity of neurons and glia to EMF was supported by histological studies [50-52].

A large body of data shows that EMF can produce a wide diversity of physiological and behavioral effects, such as movement activity changes, avoidancereactions and orienting responses to EMF [7, 33, 53, 54].

Investigations concerned with EMF effects on conditional responses demonstrated that EMF modified the period of elaboration of conditioned responses to EMF [55-57] and transformed the conditional response in itself [58, 59].

Investigation of a wide range of intensity (0.2…1000 mW/ñm2) of electromagnetic microwave effects on bioelectrical brain activity of animals revealed such phenomena as an increase of alpha spindles numbers, an increase ofEEG synchronization, tens and hundred of milliseconds, prolonged desynchronization - a decrease of main rhythm amplitudes; short-term desyncronization at the onset of EMF application and, after that; an after-effect reactionthat is similar to desyncronization but arises during the long period after the termination of EMF application; epileptic activity.

At decimeter and centimeter wave exposure on the lateral surface of rabbitsbodies, it was revealed that, at higher thermal intensities, the stabilityof EEG reactions was lower and, at lower (non-thermal) intensities, this EEG index did not greatly depend on intensity and even has a tendency to increase while the latter decreased [60].

The response of the central nervous system (CNS) after 30 min, 3mW/cm2 exposure of rats to 2.45 GHz, 217 Hz was investigated by quantitative EEG and Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) analysis. The above-mentioned parameters were evaluated before and after (5 min and 20 min) exposure. It was shown that the delta band of the EEG power spectrum was increased definitely, the alphaand beta bands were decreased in the 5 min after the exposure. These alterations disappeared 20 min after exposure. No changes were observed in VEP [61].

The experiments recording cortex neuronal activity during microwave (40mV/cm2) exposure were carried out on rabbits with preliminarily implanted microelectrodes in the sensomotory cortex under barbital anesthesia. The EEG reactions to the microwave exposure manifested as the pronounced enhancement of slow waves. The changes of pulse activity of the cortex neurons' populations were observed during this reaction. The mean values of the interspike intervals increased, i.e., the enhancement of inhibitory processes took place. For these changes to occur, microwave exposure of less than 1 min was sufficient. After terminating of exposure, the changes arose again [62].

CNS responses to 60 min, 50 Hz, 100 mT and 500 mT magnetic field exposure of freely moving rats was observed by quantitative EEG. There were no significant changes in the EEG activity (the sum of EEG spectral bands) at 100 mTduring and after exposure. In the case of 500 mT flux density, EEG activity increased significantly immediately (1st min) and in the 20th min of exposure and 20 min after exposure (p<0.05). Significant changes of spectral components were found at both flux densities. Mainly, the slow frequency components increased and the higher components decreased [63].

In a number of investigations of different ranges EMF effects on volunteersEEG spectral changes were discovered. In spite of great between-subject variability of effects the most characteristic feature was an increase of alpha, theta and, in some cases, delta power [12, 64-66]. Similar EEG spectralchanges manifesting the dominance of inhibitor processes have been discovered by other authors [67,68].

Experimental studies of peripheral exposure (30 min and 60 min) to low intensity MM waves (5mW/cm2) on volunteers revealed that, at a pronounced increase of alpha-rhythm power in occipital areas of the cortex and heightening of coherence by theta-rhythm in the frontal-central areas were observed in the EEG. Such a pattern of bioelectric activity testifies the development of a non-specific cortex activation reaction, i.e., the increase of corticaltone. It has also been revealed that long-term exposure of MM radiation with l= 7.1 mm produces a stabilizing effect on day-to-day variation of human cortical biopotentials (most easily observable with alpha power and the inter- and intrahemispheric mean coherence of delta, theta and alpha ranges) [9, 10, 69].

It has been described peculiar EEG-effect of ELF EMF ¾ increasing beta-activity in frontal and central areas and increasing alpha-power mainly at occipital areas [64, 70].

The possibility of correcting human conditions by electromagnetic exposure was investigated. EHF exposure brought the functional state of the nervous and cardiac systems to equlibrium in persons with high and middle plasticity of neurodynamic processes (determined by EEG parameters), but, in personswith low neurodynamic plasticity, EHF exposure was ineffective (functionalreserves of the organism are low for a long time) [71].

Investigations of EMF perception have demonstrated that people can perceiveEMF of low intensity. Human EMF-sensitivity, besides individual features, is determined by the frequency and signal form of the EM-signal and localization of its application. The modality of the resulting sensation testifiesto the participation of a cutaneous analyzer in EMF reception. Latency of the reaction was 20-60 s. Sensory asymmetry of perception was revealed: subjects distinguish between the field and false trials much better with theirnon-leading hand (right-handed ¾ by the left hand, left-handed ¾ by the right one). The experimental data has shown the presence of a correlationbetween human sensitivity to EMF and pain thresholds - the lower these thresholds, the higher the sensitivity. There are some "critical" values of these thresholds when subjects manifest no sensitivity to EMF of any frequency ranges [9, 10, 72-74].

The correlation between human electromagnetic sensitivity and EEG properties was investigated [74]. Highly sensitive volunteers had an optimally pronounced alpha rhythm with prominent topographic differences. The low-sensitive volunteers have higher or lower level of alpha rhythm without topographical differences.

The purpose of this work was to study EEG reactions to cellular phone EMF exposure (intensity 0,06 mW/cm2, frequency 902,4 MHz).


 

METHODS


 

24 healthy male volunteers aged from 20 to 30 years participated in the experiments. Two experiments (mobile telephone exposure and placebo, the orderof the experiments was randomized) were performed with each subject at thesame time of day with a constant interval of 1 week between them. Durationof the experiment was 60 min.: 15 min. ¾background, 15 min. ¾ EMF exposure or placebo, 15 min ¾ afterexposure I and 15 min afterexposure II (Fig. 1). To exclude sleepness of the subject, the closed-eyes periods of EEG recording alternate with opened-eyes periods every 5 minutes. EEG was recorded in 16 electrodes according to the international 10-20 system (Fz, F3, C3, P3, Pz, P4, C4, F4, F7, T3, T5, O1, O2, T6, T4, F8) against Cz as the reference. The EMF was directed to the back of head by a special antenna. Thesubject and the EEG machine were shielded from the devices used. EEG data were stored on magneto-optical disks for further processing.

To estimate EEG changes, we use the global dimensional complexity (a measure derived from nonlinear dynamics) of EEG. Calculation of dimensional complexity was performed for each 8-s artifact-free EEG segment [75]. Then thesevalues were averaged across 10 segments.

Statistical comparisons were performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA).


 

RESULTS


 

The dynamics of mean multichannel (global) correlation dimension values D2 in experiment time is shown in Fig. 2.


 

FIGURE 1. Protocol of experiments.


 

FIGURE 2. Multichannel correlation dimension values of baseline (1-12 epochs), exposure (13-24 epochs), afterexposure I (25-36 epochs), afterexposure II (37-48 epochs) for the group.


 

The dynamics of D2 under cellular phone EMF is as follows. After starting EMF, parameter D2 increases immediately; in 2 min, D2 decreases but stays higher than Placebo for 6-7 min; for the rest time of EMF exposure, the difference between Placebo and EMF experiments disappears. During the afterexposure period (30-45th min), D2 in EMF experiments again exceeds that in Placebo.

The difference between D2 under cellular phone and Placebo is significant in the periods of exposure, afterexposure 1 and afterexposure 2 (Tabl. 1).


 

Table 1. The mean values of correlation dimension D2 in baseline (1), exposure (2), afterexposure I (3) and afterexposure II (4) for the group.

 
Telephone

MEGA-WAVE

Placebo

baseline

6,866372

6,855634

6,789336

under exposure

6,86607*

6,78914*

6,528643

after- exposure I

6,64857*

6,67518*

6,434974

after- exposure II

6,96569*

6,83421*

6,204254


 

The mean values of each period (baseline, exposure, afterexposure 1 and afterexposure 2) are demonstrated on Fig. 3.

 

FIGURE 3. The mean values of correlation dimension D2 in baseline (1), exposure (2), afterexposure I (3) and afterexposure II (4) for the group.


 

In Fig. 2, one can see sawtooth (5 min) oscillations of D2. These oscillations are related to distinct neocortex functional states ¾ "open eyes" and"closed eyes" (Fig. 1). Separate EEG analysis of these two functional states has revealed that the mean values of D2 (both of EMF experiments and Placebo) are greater in "open eyes" (OE) state in comparison with the "close eyes" (CE) state ¾ Fig. 4, Tabl. 2.

Table 2. The mean values of correlation dimension D2 in baseline (1), exposure (2), afterexposure I (3) and afterexposure II (4) with open and closed eyes

 
CLOSED EYES

OPENED EYES

Telephone

Placebo

Telephone

Placebo

baseline

6,936

6,881

7,128

6,826

under exposure

6,624*

6,061

6,743

6,580

after-exposure I

6,466*

6,174

6,868

6,564

after-exposureII

6,754*

6,049

6,880*

6,264



 

A


 

B


 

FIGURE 4. The mean values of correlation dimension D2 in baseline (1), exposure (2), afterexposure I (3) and afterexposure II (4); A - closed eyes, B - open eyes.


 

In "closed eyes" state, the cellular phone EMF effect (D2 increase in compare with Placebo) is more pronounced (the difference is significant for exposure and afterexposure). The "open eyes" increase of D2 is significant onlyduring the afterexposure 2 period.

So the data obtained indicate that bioelectric human brain activity (as canbe observed with D2) is modified under EMF cellular phone exposure.


 

DISCUSSION


 

There is wide experience using spectral analysis of the bioelectric activity of the brain cortex to evaluate its functional state [76-78]. The dynamics of two main measures is most commonly investigated: spectral power of each EEG range (delta, theta, alpha and beta) and coherence for each pair of EEG. For multichannel EEG records, these measures give the possibility to estimate changes of spatio-temporal patterns of brain cortex biopotentials due to external factors - to determine the power of separate EEG frequency components of different cortex areas and coherence (i.e. statistical dependence) of the electrical processes of both hemispheres - inter- and intra-hemisphere connections. Employing these methods of EEG analysis, the researcherobtains knowledge of the functioning of brain cortex areas that allows some conclusions about neurophysiological mechanisms of CNS response to affective factors and an evaluation of changes arising in the cortex functional state.

However, to state definitely that the brain functional state has been changed, the researcher needs to account for a variety of parameters and interdepencies among them, and identification of the functional state is highly subjective. In addition, sometimes this method is not sufficiently responsive, especially for evaluating the bioeffects of weak nonspecific stimuli. This method implies the linear stochastic nature of EEG. Chaotic dynamics propose an alternative model of EEG as nonlinear deterministic processes [79-82].

It was shown that the use of nonlinear techniques of EEG analysis presents a way to determine some pathological states and some functional states of healthy subjects [83].

A number of authors suggest that chaotic EEG components are related to CNS information processes and reflect the spatial-temporal organization of underlying brain processes. These methods extract information that cannot be obtained from spectral analysis [84-87].

Processing of EEG records by methods of nonlinear dynamics with the calculation of the multichannel (global) correlation dimension allows the evaluation of changes of the functional state of the brain at whole. The measure obtained as a result of such processing is highly sensitive to the effects oflow-intensity EMF produced by cellular phone. The significant increase of global correlation dimension obtained during and after exposition (in comparison with Placebo) suggests a change of functional state of the human brain. This can be a result of brain cortex activation that begins with EMF onset and continues after termination of EMF exposure. On the other hand, somebrain activation can be viewed as a positive factor that helps intellectual performance. However, taking into consideration the fact that this activation was produced by short-term (15-min) exposure to cellular phone EMF, the data obtained cannot be treated unambiguously. There is a neurophysiological phenomenon known to
occur when repeated application of the weak stimulus produce stable focus of excitation that has a number of properties [88-90], for example:
stability for some period of time;
capacity to produce extinction of nearby areas of the cortex;
capacity to use other stimuli to enhance its own activity.

On long standing, such a dominant focus violates balanced relations betweendifferent regions of the brain and disturbs normal brain functioning, producing different CNS diseases. So, if the cellular phone is used repeatedly in the course of the day, it can be such a weak stimulus that will produce dominant focus. To draw inferences about the usefulness or damage of cellular phone EMF for humans, it is necessary to conduct more extensive researchon the responses of CNS and other systems, but it is apparent that much attention must be given to this problem.


 

REFERENCES

1. Presman, A.S., Electromagnetic signalization in living nature. Moscow, Sovetskoe radio, 1974 (in Russian).
2. Plekhanov, G.F., Basic laws of electromagnetobiolody. Tomsk. T.G.U. (TheTomsk State University), 1990, 187 p. (in Russian).
3. Tenforde, T,. Interaction of ELF magnetic fields with living matter. Handbook of biological effects of electromagnetic fields. /Ed.C.Polk, E Postow.Boca Raton; CRS press Inc., 1986; pp.197-225.
4. Adey, W.R., Frequency and power window in tissue interactions with weak electromagnetic fields, Proc. IEEE. 1980, 68 (1): 119.
5. Temuryants, N.A., Nervous and humoral mechanisms of adaptation to actionof non-ionizing radiation, Moscow: D.Sc. thesis, 1989 (in Russian).
6. Sidyakin, V.G., Effect of global ecological factors on nervous system, Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1986 (in Russian).
7. Temuryants, N.A., Vladimirsky, B.M., Tishkin, O.G., Extremely low frequency signals in biological world, Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1992, 188 p. (in Russian).
8. Lebedeva, N.N., Reaction of human CNS on electromagnetic fields with various biotropic parameters, Moscow: D.Sc. thesis, 1992 (in Russian).
9. Lebedeva, N.N., Sensory and subsensory reactions of a healthy man on peripheral effects of low intensity MM-waves, Zh. Millimetrovye volny v biologii i meditsine (J. Millimeter Waves in Medicine and Biology), 1993, no. 2, pp. 5-23 (in Russian).
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Investigation of Brain Potentials in Sleeping Humans Exposed to the Electromagnetic Field of Mobile Phones


 

Doctor of Biological Sciences, Principal Scientist at the Institute of Higher Nerve Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences. E-mail:[hidden email]; 2Candidate of Medical Science, Senior Researcher at the Institute of Higher Nerve Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences.; 3Researcher at the Institute of Higher Nerve Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences; 4Deputy Director of the "Extremely High Frequency" Medical and Technical Association; 5Biological Department Head at the Deutsche Telekom AG (Germany).


 

ABSTRACT: An investigation was made of 8-hour EEG tracings of sleeping humans exposed to the electromagnetic field of a GSM-standard mobile phone. To analyze the EEG-patterns, manual scoring, nonlinear dynamics, and spectral analysis were employed. It was found that, when human beings were exposed to the electromagnetic field of a cellular phone, their cerebral cortex biopotentials revealed an increase in the a-range power density as compared to the placebo experiment. It was also found that the dimension of EEG correlation dynamics and the relation of sleep stages changed under the influence of the electromagnetic field of a mobile phone.


 

LITERATURE REVIEW


 

Normal sleep is made up of cyclic variations in the functional state of thebrain. The most salient and invariable feature of sleep consists in that the brain shows a decrease in the cerebral cortex activity on the scale "sleep-wakefulness". The functional state of the brain is usually studied by means of an electroencephalogram (EEG). An analysis of electroencephalograms made earlier demonstrated that sleep is an inhomogeneous process. It has a complex structure and a certain sequence of alternating patterns. There aremany classifications of sleep due to numerous approaches to the description of EEG patterns. One of the first classifications made it possible to analyze EEG patterns in sleeping subjects [1]. However, the application of this classification can only show how deep is the subject's sleep. In other words, this classification is capable of revealing only two stages of sleep, such as drowsiness and deep (slow-wave) sleep. The discovery of the rapid-eye-movement (REM) stage
of sleep allowed the development of a new classification [2]. According tothis classification, sleep was divided into orthodox sleep, which does notinvolve rapid eye movements, and into paradoxical, or REM, sleep.

The most complete classification of polysomnographic sleep records is givenin [3]. It uses electroencephalograms, electromyograms, electrooculograms,and some other techniques. This approach made it possible to recognize five alternating stages of sleep with certain EEG correlates for every stage.

The first stage is marked by a relatively low amplitude and mixed frequencies with a pronounced activity at 2 to 7 Hz. The duration of this stage is relatively short and it ranges from 1 to 7 min. This stage occurs mostly when a person starts to fall asleep or between other stages of sleep. The second stage is recognized by a relatively low amplitude, "sleep spindles", andK-complexes arising either due to responses to unexpected stimuli or in the absence of any differentiable stimuli. This stage constitutes approximately a half of the total sleeping time. The third stage is characterized by slow high-amplitude waves, which account for 20 to 50% of the whole analyzedperiod. The fourth stage shows high-amplitude waves with a frequency of 2 Hz. These waves make up more than 50% of the whole analyzed period. The fifth stage (or REM-stage) is distinguished by a relatively low amplitude and by mixed EEG frequencies periodically interrupted by episodes of REM sleep.

Presently, researchers make use of all the enumerated classifications of sleep stages depending on the solved problem.

In healthy adults, night sleep is made up of 4 to 6 sleep cycles that include all five stages. Each cycle begins with a period of slow-wave sleep. On the average, each cycle lasts for 90 min. However, the first cycle lasts longer than the final ones.

However, night sleep of healthy people can be affected by many kinds of things in the environment. For example, sleep is dependent on personality and it was found to be different in morning types and evening types [4-7]. Apart from that, sleep depends on the time when a person goes to bed and on thetime during which he or she stayed awake before going to bed [8, 9]. In addition, sleep depends on the surroundings [10], age [11], subject's geomagnetic orientation [12, 13], and other conditions.
In view of a constantly aggravating electromagnetic pollution of the environment, it seems essential to study the effect of various electromagneticdevices and equipment on the activity of the central nervous system of human beings [14], for example, during their sleep [15].


 

METHODS


 

Our investigation was conducted on 20 volunteers (20 men aged from 20 to 28). We made two runs of experiments, in which the volunteers were exposed tosimulated (sham) and actual electromagnetic fields of a mobile phone in random order. Two-channel EEG tracings were recorded during an 8-hour laboratory sleep. The EEG tracings were recorded in the CZ and PZ leads, with the reference electrode being placed in the FZ lead.

As soon as electroencephalograms were recorded, sleep stages were scored manually and then their duration and alternation were analyzed. After that, nonlinear dynamics methods were employed to calculate correlation dimension and then FFT-based spectral analysis was used. We left out of account periods affected by muscular motion or winking artifacts. For normal EEG periods, we calculated the absolute spectral power in the d-, q-, a-, and b-rangesand the correlation dimension D2 for each lead. The secondary statistical treatment was carried out with the aid of variance analysis (ANOVA).


 

RESULTS


 

The spectral analysis of EEG patterns obtained from sleeping humans demonstrated that reliable variations in the spectral power indices were observed only in the a-range for the PZ lead (Figure 1, Table 1). An increased spectral power in the a-range can be explained by the fact that this range is most reactive to the influence of electromagnetic fields [16, 17]. A similar tendency of changes was also observed in the d- and q-ranges. However, the b-range did not exhibit significant variations or tendencies. It was also found that volunteers exposed to the actual electromagnetic field of a mobile phone showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the two-channel correlation dimension D2 during an 8-hour sleep as compared to the placebo experiment with a simulated electromagnetic field (Figure 2).

The mean values of correlation dimension indices D2 for EEG tracings recorded during an 8-hour sleep from the CZ and PZ leads are presented in Figure 3 and in Table 2. Although the decrease in D2 was significant (p < 0.05) for both leads, it was more pronounced for the CZ lead.

Table 1. Mean values of the spectral power indices in the a-range for simulated and actual electromagnetic fields of a mobile phone.


Lead

Simulated
Electromagnetic Field

Actual
Electromagnetic Field

CZ

PZ

3.47840

3.346288

3.4813

3.574357






FIGURE 1. Mean values of the EEG spectral power density in the a-range obtained from the CZ and PZ leads during an 8-hour sleep for simulated and actual electromagnetic fields of a mobile phone (pPz < 0.05).





FIGURE 2. Mean values of the two-channel correlation dimension D2 during an8-hour sleep.





FIGURE 3. Mean values of the correlation dimension indices D2 obtained fromthe CZ and PZ leads during an 8-hour sleep.


 

Table 2. Mean values of the correlation dimension indices D2 for simulated and actual electromagnetic fields of a mobile phone.


Lead

Simulated
Electromagnetic Field

Actual
Electromagnetic Field

CZ

PZ

12.70191

12.73272

12.36518

12.51446



The dynamics of the correlation dimension indices D2 during an 8-hour sleepfor simulated and actual electromagnetic fields of a mobile phone is shownin Figure 4. Similar patterns were observed for every lead.
Manual scoring demonstrated that, when volunteers were exposed to simulated and actual electromagnetic fields of a mobile phone, they exhibited insignificant differences in sleep stages. However, one can see that the percentage of slow-wave sleep during the whole 8-hour sleep revealed a tendency to decrease in volunteers exposed to the actual electromagnetic field (Figure 5, Table 3).

Table 3. Percentage of the slow-wave sleep for simulated and actual electromagnetic fields of a mobile phone.


Lead

Simulated
Electromagnetic Field

Actual
Electromagnetic Field

CZ

PZ

32.5754

32.0531

29.5682

29.8533




FIGURE 4. Dynamics of the mean correlation dimension indices D2 obtained from the CZ and PZ leads during an 8-hour sleep for simulated and actual electromagnetic fields of a mobile phone (p < 0.05).


 

DISCUSSION


 

It is known that the structure of night sleep includes deep synchronized slow-wave sleep (SSWS), which takes a large part of the first half of a sleepcycle. SSWS percentage then decreases and EEG tracings reveal desynchronization processes. These processes are typical of nonsynchronized slow-wave sleep (NSSWS), which includes the first, the second, and the fifth (or REM) stages [3].

It is also known [18] that EEG correlation dimension indices D2 of SSWS aresignificantly lower than those of NSSWS. This is associated with the fact that processes occurring in the brain at the third and fourth stages take asimplified course. During the second half of night sleep, NSSWS becomes dominating and the cerebral cortex's bioelectrical processes get more complicated. This gives rise to increased values of D2. It is this dynamics of D2 that was seen during sleep in human beings exposed to a simulated electromagnetic field (Figure 4).




FIGURE 5. Percentage of the slow-wave sleep (the third and the fourth stages) with respect to the whole 8-hour sleep structure for simulated and actual electromagnetic fields of a mobile phone.


 

However, when volunteers were exposed to the actual electromagnetic field of a mobile phone, they exhibited a different EEG pattern. Although during the first half of their sleep the dynamics of D2 was virtually identical to that of the control group, it did not show the expected increase in D2 during the second half of their sleep. Moreover, it remained invariable to the end of our experiment. Thus, the dynamics of D2 provided evidence for a changed sleep structure, which was related to the NSSWS depression. Similar results were reported in [15], in which healthy people were exposed to the electromagnetic field of a cellular phone and they also revealed a suppressedREM-stage (which is one of NSSWS stages). Apart from that, one can see from Figure 5 that the slow-wave sleep cycle (the third and fourth stages) revealed a tendency to decrease under the influence of the actual electromagnetic field, although this effect was not significant.

Thus, taking into account the results obtained in [18] and results presented in Figures 4 and 5, one can postulate that a prolonged exposure to the electromagnetic field of a mobile phone brings about a pronounced sleep structure transformation. In this case, sleep is largely made up of the first and second sleep stages, which involve no dreaming. Bearing in mind that the first stage is rather short and that it mainly accompanies the REM-stage, one can conclude that, when human beings were exposed to the actual electromagnetic field of a mobile phone, a great part of their sleep consisted of the second sleep stage, which is typical of aged people [3].

It is known that the fundamental biological role of sleep in live organismsis directed to providing adaptive regulation. On the one hand, sleep reduces functional loads on various bodily systems, such as the nervous system, the cardiovascular system, and the muscular system, with this reduction taking place during the third and the fourth sleep stages. On the other hand, the adaptive role of dreaming, which occurs during the REM-stage, is also of great importance because dreaming helps people to process stored information and to reduce psychological tension.

Hence, the electromagnetic field of a mobile phone affects the sleep structure and reduces slow-wave and REM-stage sleep percentage, which is able to decrease the adaptive reactions of human beings and to impair their state of health as a result of this.


 

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[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Yes, Charles, thank you for your input!
I keep insisting, we need to be precise on the facts, otherwise we easily
loose credibility!

It is weird that he seems to be reading anything at 2 ft. from fluo lights -
by such insensitive instrument... I don't have that meter, could it have
been that he really reads something, for who knows what reason, (some
instruments have unreasonably high readings at some parts of spectrum) or
you think it is totally imposible?

I mean, I keep searching for the clue why those lights are that
effective....

Drasko

----- Original Message -----
From: "charles" <[hidden email]>
To: <[hidden email]>
Sent: Saturday, August 13, 2005 2:39 PM
Subject: Re: [eSens] Re: fluorescent lights again


> Hello,
>
> uniwatts is a unity which does not exist.
>
> The unity used on this particular meter is uW/cm2, which means microWatt
per